horst adolf eichmann

[183] In his testimony throughout the trial, Eichmann insisted he had no choice but to follow orders, as he was bound by an oath of loyalty to Hitler the same superior orders defence used by some defendants in the 19451946 Nuremberg trials. When Otto Adolf Eichmann was born on 19 March 1906, in Dsseldorf, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany, his father, Karl Adolf Eichmann, was 30 and his mother, Maria Schefferling, was 31. Eichmann's significant role as one of the architects of the "Final Solution" of Europe's Jews, began to emerge in the late forties. He later came to consider this as his big break. Gedenkstttenseite fr LTC Otto Adolf Eichmann (19 Mrz 1906-31 Mai 1962), Gedenksttten-ID bei Find a Grave 5351; Feuerbestattung, Ashes scattered at sea; . You have chosen this person to be their own family member. Otto Adolf Eichmann, nemki astnik SS in vojni zloinec, * 19. marec 1906, Solingen, Nemko cesarstvo, 31. maj 1962, Ramla, Izrael.. Nemki nacionalsocialistini stranki se je pridruil e leta 1932 in po vzponu stranke na oblast vstopil v sestavo Schutzstaffel (SS), kjer je sasoma napredoval v Obersturmbannfhrerja (ustreznica podpolkovnika). Are you adding a grave photo that will fulfill this request? [56] From the start of the war until April 1941, around 63,000 Jews were transported into the General Government. [161] Hausner's opening address began, "It is not an individual that is in the dock at this historic trial and not the Nazi regime alone, but anti-Semitism throughout history. [191] During later examination by the judges, he admitted he meant the Jews, and said the remark was an accurate reflection of his opinion at the time. At 8:00p.m. on 31 May, Eichmann was informed that the appeal for presidential clemency had been denied.[208]. Thousands of miles away, in Argentina, the news didn't sit well with three of his four sons. In May 1960, he was abducted by Mossad, the national intelligence agency of Israel. Ricardo Francisco Eichmann (born November 1, 1955) is an Argentine-born German archaeologist. [6][219] In his 1988 book Justice, Not Vengeance, Wiesenthal said: "The world now understands the concept of 'desk murderer'. Eichmann sat inside a bulletproof glass booth to protect him from assassination attempts. [163] The chief prosecutor was Israeli Attorney General Gideon Hausner, assisted by Deputy Attorney General Gabriel Bach and Tel Aviv District Attorney Yaakov Bar-Or. The Nazi Party was banned in Austria around the same time. [48] After discussions with Hitler in the preceding weeks, on 21 September SS-Obergruppenfhrer Reinhard Heydrich, head of the SD, advised his staff that Jews were to be collected into cities in Poland with good rail links to facilitate their expulsion from territories controlled by Germany, starting with areas that had been incorporated into the Reich. Adolf Eichmann's extension of arrest hearing Lindemann spent more than a dozen years with Horst and told the Mail that he was, as far as she knew, still devoted to his father. [66] Eichmann was one of the officials who received regular detailed reports of their activities. [55] The job entailed co-ordinating with police agencies for the physical removal of the Jews, dealing with their confiscated property, and arranging financing and transport. [108], Eichmann initially lived in Tucumn Province, where he worked for a government contractor. His father, Adolf Karl Eichmann, was a bookkeeper and his mother, Maria Schefferling, was a housewife. As chief of the Gestapo's Jewish section, Adolf Eichmann oversaw the deportation and murder of millions of Jews during World War II, and promoted the use of gas chambers in the death camps. [106][g] He travelled across Europe, staying in a series of monasteries that had been set up as safe houses. The content of his letter and other trial documents were made public on 27 January 2016. [78] The genocide was code-named Operation Reinhard in honour of Heydrich, who had died in Prague in early June from wounds suffered in an assassination attempt. Introduction. Daughter of Maty Liebl and Marie Liebl Wife of Otto Adolf Eichmann Mother of Private; Private; Private and Private Sister of Franz Liebl and NN Liebl. After the war, he fled to South America but was kidnapped by Mossad agents in 1960 in Buenos Aires, Argentina, where he was living under an assumed name. [175] Hausner's intention was to not only demonstrate Eichmann's guilt but to present material about the entire Holocaust, thus producing a comprehensive record. You are only allowed to leave one flower per day for any given memorial. In May 2007, a student doing research on Eichmann's capture discovered the passport in court archives in Argentina. Managed by: Private User Last Updated: Eichmann and his staff became responsible for Jewish deportations to extermination camps, where the victims were gassed. Ricardo was a professor of archaeology at the German Archaeological Institute until 2020. The five-year-old boy, who was born in Argentina, remembers a bus ride in Buenos Aires and the chocolate given to him by Adolf, the Third Reich's "expert" on Jewish affairs, who he knew only as. [221], In her 2011 book Eichmann Before Jerusalem, based largely on the Sassen interviews and Eichmann's notes made while in exile, Bettina Stangneth argues instead that Eichmann was an ideologically motivated antisemite and lifelong committed Nazi who intentionally built a persona as a faceless bureaucrat for presentation at the trial. He worked as a travelling oil salesman beginning in 1927, and joined both the Nazi Party and the SS in 1932. Quickly see who the memorial is for and when they lived and died and where they are buried. Adolf Eichmann, who died June 1962, is pictured in the box during his trial at the Jerusalem Supreme Court in Tel Aviv A forged Israeli passport used to smuggle Adolf Eichmann out of. The man who burst the protective bubble around Eichmann, the organiser of the deportation of millions of Jews to Hitler's concentration camps and the most notorious Nazi to gain refuge in. [170] The trial was held at Beit Ha'am (today known as the Gerard Behar Center), an auditorium in central Jerusalem. [101], On 24 December 1944, Eichmann fled Budapest just before the Soviets completed their encirclement of the capital. [72] Around this time, Eichmann was promoted to SS-Obersturmbannfhrer (lieutenant colonel), the highest rank he achieved. [158] His pardon plea, released in 2016, did not contradict this: "There is a need to draw a line between the leaders responsible and the people like me forced to serve as mere instruments in the hands of the leaders", Eichmann wrote. [154] The Israelis were unwilling to take him to trial based solely on the evidence in documents and witness testimony, so he was subject to daily interrogations, the transcripts of which totalled over 3,500 pages. Photos larger than 8Mb will be reduced. To this day the scene plays itself over and over in minute detail. [216] The trial therefore greatly reduced the previously popular misconception that Jews had gone "like sheep to the slaughter". It was the trial of the century: On December 15, 1961, an Israeli court sentenced Nazi official Adolf Eichmann to death by hanging. He promoted the use of gas chambers in death camps. [122] In 1957, Bauer passed the information in person to Mossad director Isser Harel, who assigned operatives to undertake surveillance, but no concrete evidence was initially found. This is a carousel with slides. Learn more about managing a memorial . Adolf Otto Eichmann, fdd 19 mars 1906 i Solingen, dd 1 juni 1962 i Ramle i Israel ( avrttad ), var en tysk SS-officer. [193] The judges declared him not guilty of personally killing anyone and not guilty of overseeing and controlling the activities of the Einsatzgruppen. [57][58] While Eichmann claimed at his trial to be upset by the appalling conditions on the trains and in the transit camps, his correspondence and documents of the period show that his primary concern was to achieve the deportations economically and with minimal disruption to Germany's ongoing military operations. He provided these photographs to Mossad agents on 18 February. Make sure that the file is a photo. [214], The trial received widespread coverage by the press in West Germany, and many schools added material studying the issues to their curricula. [45] Eichmann was promoted to SS-Obersturmfhrer (first lieutenant) in July 1938, and appointed to the Central Agency for Jewish Emigration in Vienna, created in August in a room in the former Palais Albert Rothschild at Prinz-Eugen-Strae 2022. Are you sure that you want to report this flower to administrators as offensive or abusive? [30] On 21 March 1935 Eichmann married Veronika (Vera) Liebl (190993). [104] Meanwhile, former commandant of Auschwitz Rudolf Hss and others gave damning evidence about Eichmann at the Nuremberg trials of major war criminals starting in 1946. Vera, and the three Eichmann children Klaus, Horst and Dieter slipped away to Italy, and like the head of the family, boarded a boat in Genoa, the SS Salto, for Argentina. [177] In addition to wartime documents, material presented as evidence included tapes and transcripts from Eichmann's interrogation and Sassen's interviews in Argentina. Previously sponsored memorials or famous memorials will not have this option. [84] Eichmann held regular meetings in his Berlin offices with his department members working in the field and travelled extensively to visit concentration camps and ghettos. In the last week of October 1939, 4,700 Jews were sent to the area by train and were essentially left to fend for themselves in an open meadow with no water and little food. Drag images here or select from your computer for Horst Adolf Eichmann memorial. [135] The plan was almost abandoned on the designated day when Eichmann was not on the bus that he usually took home,[136] but he got off another bus about half an hour later. . He returned to Germany in 1933, where he joined the Sicherheitsdienst (SD, "Security Service"); there he was appointed head of the department responsible for Jewish affairs especially emigration, which the Nazis encouraged through violence and economic pressure. [59], Jews were concentrated into ghettos in major cities with the expectation that at some point they would be transported farther east or even overseas. [181], The defence next engaged in a lengthy direct examination of Eichmann. "Horst was a very strong Nazi and believed . Failed to report flower. The highly publicised Eichmann trial resulted in his conviction in Jerusalem, following which he was executed by hanging in 1962. [178], Some of the evidence submitted by the prosecution took the form of depositions made by leading Nazis. In 1950, Eichmann traveled to. They disembarked in Buenos Aires in early July 1952, where they were met by Adolf Eichmann posing as their uncle Ricardo, Vera cried with joy on seeing her husband. [49] On 27 September 1939 the SD and the Sicherheitspolizei (SiPo, "Security Police") the latter comprising the Geheime Staatspolizei (Gestapo) and Kriminalpolizei (Kripo) police agencies were combined into the new Reichssicherheitshauptamt (RSHA, "Reich Security Main Office"), which was placed under Heydrich's control. Maria ( ne Schefferling) mimet. Eichmann was . Birthday: November 1, 1955 ( Scorpio) Born In: Buenos Aires, Argentina 11 4 Archaeologists #8 Intellectuals & Academics #421 Quick Facts German Celebrities Born In November Also Known As: Ricardo Francisco Eichmann Age: 67 Years, 67 Year Old Males Family: father: Adolf Eichmann mother: Veronika Liebl This rabbi, a former member of the Central Jewish Committee, whose identity was kept secret, had to report to Eichmann's room. [166] In an Israeli cabinet meeting shortly after Eichmann's capture, Justice Minister Pinchas Rosen stated, "I think that it will be impossible to find an Israeli lawyer, a Jew or an Arab, who will agree to defend him", and thus a foreign lawyer would be necessary. The three wrestled Eichmann to the ground and, after a struggle, moved him to a car where they hid him on the floor under a blanket. [29] He was assigned to study and prepare reports on the Zionist movement and various Jewish organisations. A room with huge dimensions was Eichmann's office.. In 1914 his family moved to Linz, Austria. [12] His poor school performance resulted in his father's withdrawing him from the Realschule and enrolling him in the Hhere Bundeslehranstalt fr Elektrotechnik, Maschinenbau und Hochbau vocational college. an unusual account of the death of Adolf Eichmann that's screening at the Karlovy Vary International Film Festival. Learn more about merges. [179] The defence demanded that the men should be brought to Israel so that the defences right to cross-examination would not be abrogated. By Eli Leon and Israel Hayom Staff Republish this article Spread the word. [35], Nazi Germany used violence and economic pressure to encourage Jews to leave Germany of their own volition;[36] around 250,000 of the country's 437,000 Jews emigrated between 1933 and 1939. [199] The defence team mostly relied on legal arguments about Israel's jurisdiction and the legality of the laws under which Eichmann was charged. The sponsor of a memorial may add an additional. We know that one doesn't need to be fanatical, sadistic, or mentally ill to murder millions; that it is enough to be a loyal follower eager to do one's duty. As Britain still controlled the Atlantic and her merchant fleet would not be at Germany's disposal for use in evacuations, planning for the Madagascar proposal stalled. Adolf Eichmann's children include Klaus, Horst Adolf, Dieter Helmut, and eventually Ricardo as well. Otto Adolf Eichmann, one of the major architects of the Nazi Holocaust, met justice in 1962 after Israeli Mossad commandoes grabbed him in Argentina (where he and many other Nazi fugitives fled. Erantzukizunak. [172][173], The prosecution case was presented over the course of 56 days, involving hundreds of documents and 112 witnesses (many of them Holocaust survivors). In 1914 his family moved to Linz, Austria. Following this, he was tasked by SS-Obergruppenfhrer Reinhard Heydrich with facilitating and managing the logistics involved in the mass deportation of millions of Jews to Nazi ghettos and Nazi extermination camps across German-occupied Europe. Werbung . [137], Eichmann was taken to one of several Mossad safe houses that had been set up by the team. The hanging, scheduled for midnight at the end of 31 May, was slightly delayed and thus took place a few minutes past midnight on 1 June 1962. De ldste Klaus, Horst og Dieter, for-blev trofaste overfor ham, selv efter hans dd. Thanks for your help! Long live Austria. [68] The Generalplan Ost (General Plan for the East) called for deporting the population of occupied Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union to Siberia, for use as slave labour or to be murdered. 1936 in Berlin, Horst Adolf Eichmann, 1940 in Vienna, Dieter Helmut Eichmann, 1942 in Prague, and Ricardo Francisco Eichmann, 1955 in Buenos Aires. Eichmann pursued party activities in Linz on weekends while continuing in his position at Vacuum Oil in Salzburg. [193][196] When considering the sentence, the judges concluded that Eichmann had not merely been following orders, but believed in the Nazi cause wholeheartedly and had been a key perpetrator of the genocide. Adolf Karl Eichmann. [44] Funding came from money seized from other Jewish people and organisations, as well as donations from overseas, which were placed under SD control. Eichmann ly v tn Veronica Liebl (sinh 1909 - mt 1997) ngy 21 thng 3 nm 1935, sinh c 4 ngi con: Klaus Eichmann (sinh 1936 ti Berlin), Horst Adolf Eichmann (sinh 1940 ti Vin), Dieter Helmut Eichmann (sinh 1942 ti Praha), v Ricardo Francisco Eichmann (sinh 1955 ti Buenos Aires). AT THE END of World War II, Eichmann was captured by the Americans, and imprisoned in a detention camp. To use this feature, use a newer browser. [60][61] Horrendous conditions in the ghettos severe overcrowding, poor sanitation, and a lack of food resulted in a high death rate. This was the first employment stop for many Nazis arriving in . [165] As foreign lawyers had no right of audience before Israeli courts at the time of Eichmann's capture, Israeli law was modified to allow those facing capital charges to be represented by a non-Israeli lawyer. Eichmann subsequently stood trial with the Supreme Court of Israel. [156] Using documents provided primarily by Yad Vashem and Nazi hunter Tuviah Friedman, Less was often able to determine when Eichmann was lying or being evasive. The documentary, directed by Yariv Mozer and produced by Kobi Sitt, featured extracts of Eichmann speaking in German. Thanks for using Find a Grave, if you have any feedback we would love to hear from you. Most of the victims were sent to Auschwitz concentration camp, where about 75 per cent were murdered upon arrival. [91][92] Between 10 and 25 per cent of the people on each train were chosen as forced labourers; the rest were killed within hours of arrival. His father, Adolf Eichmann, alias Richard Klement, was 50. This browser does not support getting your location. Klaus og Horst er dde, Dieter lever og Ricardo, som var 5 a r, da hans far blev taget, bor i Tyskland og arbejder i dag som en anerkendt arkolog. This is the first of a series of articles. [91][93] Under international pressure, the Hungarian government halted deportations on 6 July 1944, by which time over 437,000 of Hungary's 725,000 Jews had died. [27][28][e] Eichmann's transfer was granted in November 1934. We have set your language to The Daily Mail exposed Friday the identity of the four sons of Nazi war criminal Adolf Eichmann, one of whom is living in Argentina, a few kilometers away from where the Mossad kidnapped his. [182] Observers such as Moshe Pearlman and Hannah Arendt have remarked on Eichmann's ordinariness in appearance and flat affect. Otto Adolf Eichmann, March 19, Adolf Eichmann was also known as Otto Adolf Eichmann, He was a lieutenant colonel in the German Army. [133] The agents had arrived in April[134] and observed his routine for many days, noting that he arrived home from work by bus at about the same time every evening. An email has been sent to the person who requested the photo informing them that you have fulfilled their request, There is an open photo request for this memorial. [140] Eitan told the Haaretz newspaper in 2008 that the team decided not to pursue Mengele as it might have jeopardised the Eichmann operation. This relationship is not possible based on lifespan dates. Horst Adolf Eichmann 1940 - 2015. cemeteries found within kilometers of your location will be saved to your photo volunteer list. He returned to Berlin, where he arranged for the incriminating records of Department IV-B4 to be burned. [117] Wiesenthal learned from a letter shown to him in 1953 that Eichmann had been seen in Buenos Aires, and he passed that information to the Israeli consulate in Vienna in 1954. The 40-year-old Eichmann also said he believed the execution of his father in Israel in 1962 was justified. I greet my wife, my family and my friends. The incredible details of the cat-and-mouse game between Nazi war criminal Adolf Eichmann and those who spent years chasing him seem like they could be ripped from the pages of a Hollywood script. Your account has been locked for 30 minutes due to too many failed sign in attempts. [198], Eichmann's defence team appealed the verdict to the Israeli Supreme Court. [54] Heydrich announced Eichmann to be his "special expert", in charge of arranging for all deportations into occupied Poland. Both organisations had known for at least two years that Eichmann was hiding in Argentina, but they did not act because it did not serve their interests in the Cold War. Adolf Eichmann and the banality of evil. [25], By 1934, Eichmann requested transfer to the Sicherheitsdienst (SD) of the SS, to escape the "monotony" of military training and service at Dachau. Both were concerned about what Eichmann might say in his testimony about West German national security advisor Hans Globke, who had coauthored several antisemitic Nazi laws, including the Nuremberg Laws. [1] Eichmannia pidetn holokaustin (" lopullinen ratkaisu ", saks. Use Escape keyboard button or the Close button to close the carousel. [160] Eichmann was convicted on 15 counts of crimes against humanity, war crimes, crimes against the Jewish people, and membership in a criminal organisation. [200] Appeal hearings took place between 22 and 29 March 1962. On his own initiative, Eichmann also laid plans to deport Jews from Vienna. Try again later. [13] He left without attaining a degree and joined his father's new enterprise, the Untersberg Mining Company, where he worked for several months. [26] Mildenstein invited Eichmann to join his Jewish Department, Section II/112 of the SD, at its Berlin headquarters. Germany occupied Hungary in March 1944, and Eichmann oversaw the deportation of much of the Jewish population. [129][130] Harel arrived in May 1960 to oversee the capture. I thought you might like to see a memorial for Horst Adolf Eichmann I found on Findagrave.com. [85], Germany invaded Hungary on 19 March 1944. 1935eko martxoaren 21ean, Eichmann Veronika Lieblekin (1909-1997) ezkondu zen eta lau seme eduki zituzten: Klaus Eichmann (Berlin, 1936), Horst Adolf Eichmann (Viena, 1940), Dieter Helmut Eichmann (Praga, 1942) eta Ricardo Francisco Eichmann (Buenos Aires, 1955). [144] They arrived in Israel on 22 May, and Ben-Gurion announced his capture to the Knesset the following afternoon. Den yngste, Ricardo, afviste ham og siger hans henrettelse var berettiget. Eichmann collected information for him, attended the conference, and prepared the minutes. "[114] Sassen asked him: "When you say Final Solution, do you mean they should be eradicated? Eichmann was frightened and attempted to leave, but two more Mossad men came to Malkin's aid. All photos appear on this tab and here you can update the sort order of photos on memorials you manage. [120] His daughter Sylvia began dating a man named Klaus Eichmann in 1956 who boasted about his father's Nazi exploits, and Hermann alerted Fritz Bauer, prosecutor-general of the state of Hesse in West Germany. Otto Adolf Eichmann was a German Nazi SS-Obersturmbannfuhrer and one of the major organizers of the Holocaust. [67] On 31 July, Gring gave Heydrich written authorisation to prepare and submit a plan for a "total solution of the Jewish question" in all territories under German control and to co-ordinate the participation of all involved government organisations. You can customize the cemeteries you volunteer for by selecting or deselecting below. - Born 19-03-1906, Solingen. . Horst Adolf "Adolfo" Eyxman (1940, Vyana 2015, Argentina) Diter Helmut Eyxman (1942-ci il Praqa) Rikardo Fransisko Libl (hazrda Eyxman) (1955-ci il Buenos-Ayres) hazrda Almaniyann mhur arxeoloqlarndan biri. You can always change this later in your Account settings. [131] Mossad operative Rafi Eitan was named leader of the eight-man team, most of whom were Shin Bet agents. Lesson Quiz . February 8, 1963. P grund af hans talent for organisation, plidelighed og arbejdsiver, fik han af . Scuba Certification; Private Scuba Lessons; Scuba Refresher for Certified Divers; Try Scuba Diving; Enriched Air Diver (Nitrox) For the first time, British website MailOnline shed light on Friday on the fates of the four sons of Nazi archcriminal Adolf Eichmann - one of the principal organizers of the Holocaust.Eichmann, the mastermind of the so-called "Final Solution" to rid Europe of its Jews, sent 6 million Jews to th . advertisement. From the early fifties, rumors proliferated claiming that he was in South America, as the intelligence services of Western Germany and the United States had already learned with certainty. [69], Eichmann stated at his later interrogations that Heydrich told him in mid-September that Hitler had ordered that all Jews in German-controlled Europe were to be killed. He ended up in a small village in Lower Saxony, where he lived until 1950, when he moved to Argentina using false papers he obtained with help from an organisation directed by Catholic bishop Alois Hudal. Information collected by Mossad, Israel's intelligence agency, confirmed his location in 1960. This law had previously been used to prosecute about 30 people, all but one of them Jewish Holocaust survivors, who were alleged to have been, Eichmann was a member of three of the organisations that had been declared criminal at the, Central Agency for Jewish Emigration in Vienna, Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary, "Eichmann Refused to Admit Guilt in Last-ditch Bid for Clemency", "Long-lost Recordings of Eichmann Confessing to the Final Solution Revealed", "SS-Obersturmbannfhrer (Retired): 'Eichmann Before Jerusalem,' by Bettina Stangneth", "Fifty Years After: A Critical Look at the Eichmann Trial", "Why Israel's Capture of Eichmann Caused Panic at the CIA", "Sleepwalker: Arendt, Thoughtlessness, and the Question of Little Eichmanns", "The long-lost Adolf Eichmann recordings shown in new documentary", "Ben-Gurion's bombshell: 'We've caught Eichmann', "Wie Eichmann vom sterreicher zum Deutschen wurde", "The Wannsee Conference, the Fate of German Jews, and Hitler's Decision in Principle to Exterminate All European Jews", "Eichmann's final barb: 'I hope that all of you will follow me', "Hallaron pasaporte utilizado por Adolf Eichmann: ser conservado en el Museo del Holocausto de Buenos Aires", "Pardon Plea by Adolf Eichmann, Nazi War Criminal, Is Made Public", "Nazi Tapes Provide a Chilling Sequel to the Eichmann Trial", "Testimony of Rudolf Hss testimony at the Nuremberg Trials, April 15, 1946", "The trial of Adolf Eichmann and the protection of universal human rights under international law", "The Wannsee Conference in the Development of the 'Final Solution', "The Eichmann Case and the Distortion of History", "Eichmann's son: 'There is no way I can explain' deeds", "Ex-Mossad Agent: We Let Nazi Doctor Mengele Get Away", "Holocaust organizer sought clemency, saying he was 'mere instrument', "Israel Supreme Court Names Justices to Hear Eichmann's Appeal", "Israel to Pay Reward In Capture of Eichmann", "Special publication: Behind the scenes at the Eichmann Trial", "Wiesenthal Center Marks Eichmann Capture in Argentina Fifty Years Later", Uncovering the Architect of the Holocaust: The CIA Names File on Adolf Eichmann, "Eichmann Tells His Own Damning Story (Part I)", "Adolf Eichmann: The Mind of a War Criminal", List of major perpetrators of the Holocaust, Nazis and Nazi Collaborators (Punishment) Law, International Youth Meeting Center in Owicim/Auschwitz, Rescue of Jews by Poles during the Holocaust, National Political Institutes of Education, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Adolf_Eichmann&oldid=1142642411, Escapees from United States military detention, German people convicted of crimes against humanity, People executed for crimes against humanity, Recipients of the Iron Cross (1939), 2nd class, Short description is different from Wikidata, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, War Merit Cross, Second Class (With Swords), This page was last edited on 3 March 2023, at 15:50.

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